C# Nullable Numeric Data Types

What About .NET 1.1?

The nullable types described in this article were introduced to the C# programming language with version 2.0 of the .NET framework. In order to achieve similar results using earlier framework versions, the developer must create a new structure or class. Structures will be looked at in a later article.
Null Value

When a program works with numeric information, particularly when it utilises information in a database, it is often the case that a value is undefined. An example of this is when a series of simple yes / no questions is asked and the result of each question held in a Boolean format. After a question is answered, the Boolean value can be set to either true or false to indicate the result. However, before the answer is given what should the value hold? The answer is null.

Nullable Numeric Data Types

Null is a special value that represents information that has not yet been defined. When the C# language was originally defined, the value null existed but could not be applied to numeric variables. In .NET framework 2.0, Microsoft rectified this problem by introducing nullable versions of these data types. Prior to this, the developer would need to work around this problem using values that would not normally be used by the variable or by holding a Boolean value indicating whether the numeric variable should be considered as defined or not.

All of the basic numeric data types have nullable equivalents. There are several ways to declare a variable as a nullable type. The simplest and most readable method is to simply append a question mark (?) to the data type. The following example shows the declaration and assignment of several nullable variables:

int? nullableInt;
int? nullValue = null;
int? notNull = 123;

bool? answer1 = true;
bool? answer2 = false;
bool? answer3 = null;

You can see from the above example that creating a nullable variable is similar to creating a standard numeric variable. As with other numeric variables, a value must be assigned to a variable before it is used, even if that value is null. The following code produces an error if you attempt to compile it.

int? nullableInt;

int? copy = nullableInt; // Invalid as nullableInt is not yet assigned

Data Type Conversion

Numeric nullable data types include very similar implicit and explicit conversion between the various sizes of nullable integers and floating point values. Values can also be converted between their nullable and non-nullable versions. As you would expect, conversion between two incompatibly sized types requires a cast statement, as does casting from a nullable to a non-nullable type.

int standardInteger = 123;
int? nullableInteger;
decimal standardDecimal = 12.34M;

// Implicit conversion from int to int?
nullableInteger = standardInteger;

// Explicit conversion from int? to int
standardInteger = (int)nullableInteger;

// Explicit cast from decimal to int?
nullableInteger = (int?)standardDecimal;

Care must be taken when casting a nullable value as a non-nullable data type. If the value of the nullable data type is null, this cannot be represented in the destination value and a run-time error will occur. This can be avoided by checking if the value is set to null before attempting the conversion.

Arithmetic Operators

The standard arithmetic operators can be used with numeric nullable data types. However, if the value of any of the operands is null, the result will always be null regardless of any other values.

int? a = 55;
int? n = null;
int? result;

result = a * 2; // result = 110
result = a * n; // result = null

Boolean Operators

When using nullable Boolean data types, the binary standard Boolean logical operators can be used. Where both of the operands used are set to either true or false, the results of the operation are exactly the same as for non-nullable Booleans. Where one or both of the operands used in a logical operation are set to null, the result is usually null. There are two special cases where this does not happen. In a logic OR operation, if any value is true then the result is true, even if the other operand is null. For logical AND operations, if either value is false then the result is also false.

bool? result;

result = true & null; // result = null
result = false & null; // result = false

result = true | null; // result = true
result = false | null; // result = null

result = true ^ null; // result = null
result = false ^ null; // result = null

Relational Operators

The relational operators are all valid for use with nullable numeric data types. However, when the value being compared is null, the results are not always as expected. The equal to and not equal to operators are able to make comparisons with both numeric and null values. With all of the other relational operators, the result of the comparison is always false when a value being compared is null.

int? a = 55;
int? n = null;
bool result;

result = a == n; // result = false
result = a != n; // result = true
result = n == null; // result = true

result = a > n; // result = false
result = a < result =" false" style="font-weight: bold;">Testing for Null Values

The previous section showed the use of the relational operators with numeric nullable types. Included in the examples you can see that it is possible to use the equal to or not equal to operators to test if the value of a variable is null. In addition to these operators, the nullable data types define several properties and methods for checking if the value is null and for retrieving the value where it is not.
HasValue Property

The first property of the numeric nullable types of interest is the HasValue property. This property simply returns a Boolean value indicating whether the nullable variable contains a real value or a null value. To access the value of a property, the member access operator is used. This is simply a full stop (period or dot) placed between the name of the variable and the name of the member (property or method) to be used. The following example shows the HasValue property used to set a non-nullable value to the value of a nullable type with a default value of -1 where the nullable variable has no value.

int? a = 10;
int? n = null;
int result;
bool checkIfNull;

checkIfNull = a.HasValue; // checkIfNull = true
result = checkIfNull ? (int)a : -1; // result = 10

checkIfNull = n.HasValue; // checkIfNull = false
result = checkIfNull ? (int)n : -1; // result = -1

Value Property

The numeric nullable data types include a second property that can be used to retrieve the value from a variable as a non-nullable type. This provides the same effect as a cast from a nullable type to its non-nullable counterpart. As with this type of cast however, a run-time error will occur should the value of the variable be null. The previous example can therefore also be written as follows:

int? a = 10;
int? n = null;
int result;
bool checkIfNull;

checkIfNull = a.HasValue; // checkIfNull = true
result = checkIfNull ? a.Value : -1; // result = 10

checkIfNull = n.HasValue; // checkIfNull = false
result = checkIfNull ? n.Value : -1; // result = -1

result = n.Value; // This causes a run-time error.

GetValueOrDefault Method

The GetValueOrDefault method is available to all of the numeric nullable data types. This method provides all of the functionality of the previous example in a single line of code. The method can be called in two ways. If the method is used without a parameter then the numeric value of the nullable data is returned. If the variable in question has a null value, a zero is returned instead. The second manner to call the method includes passing a parameter to specify the default value to replace nulls with. As with all methods, the parameter is held in parentheses with an empty pair of parentheses should no parameter be specified.

int? a = 10;
int? n = null;
int result;

result = a.GetValueOrDefault(); // result = 10

result = n.GetValueOrDefault(); // result = 0
result = n.GetValueOrDefault(-1); // result = -1

The Null Coalescing Operator

The null coalescing operator is a new operator introduced as a part of the .NET framework version 2.0. This operator can be used on any numeric nullable data type and also other nullable data types that have yet to be introduced in the C# Fundamentals tutorial.

The null coalescing operator tests the value of a variable to check if it is null. If the value is not null then the variable's value is returned unaffected. If the variable is null however, a substitute value is provided as a second operand. The operator provides similar functionality to the GetValueOrDefault method with the benefit that it can be used on data that does not provide this functionality. The operator's symbol is a double question mark (??).

int? a = 10;
int? n = null;
int result;

result = a ?? -1; // result = 10
result = n ?? -1; // result = -1

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Say Hello to Gmail Voice & Video Chat

I'm a big user of Gmail chat. Being able to switch from email to chat as needed, all within the same app, is really great for productivity. But people can only type so fast, and even with our new emoticons, there are still some things that just can't be expressed in a chat message.

That's why today Google is launching voice and video chat -- right inside Gmail. They've tried to make this an easy-to-use, seamless experience, with high-quality audio and video -- all for free. All you have to do is download and install the voice and video plugin and it'll take care of the rest. And in the spirit of open communications, designed this feature using Internet standards such as XMPP, RTP, and H.264, which means that third-party applications and networks can choose to interoperate with Gmail voice and video chat.

Once you install the plugin, to start a video chat, just click on the "Video & more" menu at the bottom of your Gmail chat window, and choose "Start video chat." You'll have a few seconds to make sure you look presentable while it's ringing, and then you'll see and hear your friend live, right from within Gmail. You can click the "pop-out" iconto make the video larger, or click the fullscreen iconin the upper left-hand corner for a fully immersive experience. See this all in action in the video below.

Team is spread between Google offices in the US and Sweden, and video has really changed the way we work. Collaborating across continents and timezones is a fact of life, and it sure is easier (and greener) to click "Start video chat" than to get on a plane! And when I do have to visit another office, I can use Gmail voice and video chat to check in with my family.

They've just started to roll out Gmail voice and video chat for both PCs and Macs, so if you don't see it right away, don't worry -- it could take a day or so for this feature to be available in all Gmail and Google Apps accounts. If you want to download the plugin right away, visit http://gmail.com/videochat.

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Custom shortcuts in the Windows XP dialog box

This will guide you in setting custom “shortcuts” in the Windows XP “Save As” dialog box.

Note: This also works in Windows Vista Ultimate Edition, but not sure about the other versions of Vista.

1. Click Start and select Run. In the Run window enter gpedit.msc and click OK.

2. The Group Policy editor will appear.

3. In the left window select the + (plus sign) next to User Configuration to expand the list. Next select the plus sign next to Administrative Templates and then Windows Explorer. Finally, select the Common Open File Dialog entry.

4. Double-click the Items displayed in Places Bar entry in the main Group Policy window.

5. The Items displayed in Places Bar Properties window will open.

6. Select Enabled and then enter in the locations you’d like to have displayed in the Save As dialog box. You need to enter the full path to the location for the shortcuts to work.

For example, if you want to have a shortcut to your My Documents folder, enter in:

C:\Documents and Settings\Your User Name\My Documents\

7. Once you’ve entered in all the locations you’d like to appear in the Save As window, click Apply and then OK.

8. Back in the Group Policy editor, you should see that the Items displayed in Places Bar is now Enabled. Close the Group Policy editor.

9. Test it out by saving a file. You should now have the new shortcuts displayed.

10. The same shortcuts will be used in the Open dialog box, not just the Save As box.

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